Type System

NQL’s type system bridges the gap between your queries and multiple underlying database engines. Understanding how types work helps you write portable queries and avoid common pitfalls.

Why NQL needs its own type system

Different database engines handle types differently:

Snowflake uses NUMBER, VARCHAR, VARIANT for semi-structured data
Spark uses LONG, STRING, and nested types with specific semantics
BigQuery uses INT64, STRING, and STRUCT/ARRAY with its own rules

NQL provides a consistent type system that the control plane maps to the appropriate native types during transpilation. You write one query, and it works correctly regardless of where your data lives.

Primitive types

NQL’s primitive types map to standard database types across all supported engines:

NQL Type	Snowflake	Spark	Description
`STRING` / `VARCHAR`	`VARCHAR`	`STRING`	Variable-length text
`BOOLEAN`	`BOOLEAN`	`BOOLEAN`	True/false
`LONG` / `BIGINT`	`NUMBER`	`BIGINT`	64-bit integer
`DOUBLE`	`FLOAT`	`DOUBLE`	64-bit floating point
`DECIMAL`	`NUMBER`	`DECIMAL`	Arbitrary precision
`DATE`	`DATE`	`DATE`	Calendar date
`TIMESTAMP`	`TIMESTAMP_NTZ`	`TIMESTAMP`	Date and time

When precision matters

For financial or measurement data where exact precision is required, use DECIMAL instead of DOUBLE:

-- Floating-point: may have rounding errors
SELECT 0.1 + 0.2 AS float_result  -- Could be 0.30000000000000004

-- Decimal: exact precision
SELECT CAST(0.1 AS DECIMAL) + CAST(0.2 AS DECIMAL) AS decimal_result  -- Exactly 0.3

Complex types

Data collaboration often involves hierarchical and nested data structures. NQL supports three complex types that work consistently across engines.

Arrays

Arrays store ordered collections of same-type elements. They’re useful for:

Lists of identifiers
Tags or categories
Time-series values

-- Creating arrays
SELECT ARRAY('email', 'phone', 'cookie') AS id_types

-- Accessing elements (0-based indexing)
SELECT identifiers[0] AS first_id FROM company_data."123"

-- Getting array size
SELECT SIZE(tags) AS tag_count FROM company_data."123"

Why arrays exist: Many identity resolution scenarios involve multiple identifiers per record. Arrays let you store and query these without flattening to separate rows.

Structs

Structs group named fields with potentially different types—like a row within a row. They’re useful for:

Nested attributes
Composite identifiers
Grouped metadata

-- Creating structs
SELECT NAMED_STRUCT('type', 'email', 'value', '[email protected]') AS identifier

-- Accessing fields
SELECT person.name, person.age FROM company_data."123"

-- Deeply nested access
SELECT user.address.city FROM company_data."123"

Why structs exist: Real-world data is hierarchical. An identity might have a type and value; an address might have street, city, and postal code. Structs preserve this structure without requiring separate columns.

Maps

Maps store key-value pairs where all keys share a type and all values share a type. They’re useful for:

Dynamic properties
Metadata with variable keys
Key-value attributes

-- Accessing map values
SELECT ELEMENT_AT(properties, 'source') AS source FROM company_data."123"

Why maps exist: Some data has dynamic or sparse attributes. Rather than creating columns for every possible property, maps store only the properties that exist for each record.

Nested types

Complex types can be nested to represent hierarchical data:

-- Array of structs (common for identifiers)
ARRAY<STRUCT<type:STRING, value:STRING, timestamp:LONG>>

-- Struct with nested array
STRUCT<name:STRING, tags:ARRAY<STRING>>

-- Map with struct values
MAP<STRING, STRUCT<count:LONG, last_seen:TIMESTAMP>>

Accessing nested data

Use dot notation for struct fields and bracket notation for arrays:

SELECT
  -- Array of structs
  identifiers[0].type AS first_type,
  identifiers[0].value AS first_value,

  -- Nested struct
  user.preferences.language AS user_language,

  -- Map within struct
  ELEMENT_AT(user.metadata, 'source') AS source
FROM company_data."123"

Type coercion

NQL automatically converts types in certain contexts to reduce the need for explicit casting.

Implicit coercion

Context	Behavior
Numeric comparisons	Smaller types promoted to larger (LONG → DOUBLE)
String concatenation	Non-strings converted to strings
Boolean context	Some conversions allowed

-- Numeric promotion
SELECT 1 + 1.5  -- LONG + DOUBLE = DOUBLE

-- String concatenation
SELECT 'User #' || 123  -- Number converted to string

When to use explicit CAST

Use CAST when:

Converting between incompatible types
Ensuring specific precision
Documenting intent clearly

-- Parse string as number
WHERE CAST(string_column AS LONG) > 100

-- Ensure decimal precision
SELECT CAST(amount AS DECIMAL) * CAST(rate AS DECIMAL)

-- Convert timestamp to date
SELECT CAST(event_timestamp AS DATE) AS event_date

NULL handling

NULL represents missing or unknown data. Understanding NULL behavior prevents subtle bugs.

NULL in comparisons

NULL is not equal to anything, including itself:

-- These all return NULL, not TRUE or FALSE
SELECT NULL = NULL     -- NULL
SELECT NULL <> NULL    -- NULL
SELECT NULL = 'value'  -- NULL

Use IS NULL and IS NOT NULL for NULL checks:

WHERE email IS NOT NULL
WHERE phone IS NULL

NULL in operations

Operations involving NULL typically return NULL:

SELECT NULL + 1           -- NULL
SELECT CONCAT('Hi ', NULL) -- NULL (in most engines)

NULL-safe comparisons

Use IS NOT DISTINCT FROM for NULL-safe equality:

-- Returns TRUE when both are NULL
WHERE a IS NOT DISTINCT FROM b

This is especially useful in MERGE conditions:

MERGE ON target.id IS NOT DISTINCT FROM source.id

Type inference

NQL infers types from context when possible:

-- Literal type inference
SELECT 'text'           -- STRING
SELECT 123              -- LONG
SELECT 123.45           -- DOUBLE
SELECT true             -- BOOLEAN
SELECT DATE '2024-01-01'  -- DATE

ARRAY type inference

Array literals infer element type from contents:

SELECT ARRAY(1, 2, 3)         -- ARRAY<LONG>
SELECT ARRAY('a', 'b', 'c')   -- ARRAY<STRING>

Cross-engine considerations

While NQL abstracts type differences, some edge cases exist:

Timestamp precision

Different engines support different timestamp precision. NQL uses millisecond precision as the common denominator.

String collation

String comparison and sorting may differ slightly between engines. For consistent behavior, normalize strings (lowercase, trim) before comparison.

Numeric overflow

Large numbers may overflow differently across engines. For critical calculations, consider using DECIMAL with explicit precision.

Troubleshooting type errors

UnsupportedTypeError

This error occurs when an operation doesn’t support the given types:

-- Error: Can't compare STRING to LONG directly
WHERE string_column = 123

Fix: Use explicit CAST:

WHERE CAST(string_column AS LONG) = 123
-- or
WHERE string_column = CAST(123 AS STRING)

Type mismatch in arrays

All array elements must have the same type:

-- Error: Mixed types in array
SELECT ARRAY(1, 'two', 3)

Fix: Ensure consistent types or cast explicitly:

SELECT ARRAY(CAST(1 AS STRING), 'two', CAST(3 AS STRING))

NULL type resolution

NULL by itself has no type. In some contexts, you need to cast NULL:

-- May cause issues in some contexts
SELECT NULL

-- Explicit typed NULL
SELECT CAST(NULL AS STRING)

Data Types Reference

Complete type reference with syntax

NQL vs SQL

How NQL types compare to standard SQL

Functions Reference

Type conversion and manipulation functions

Overview

Core Primitives

Rosetta Stone

NQL

Data Formats

Architecture

Security

Compliance

Why NQL needs its own type system

Primitive types

When precision matters

Complex types

Arrays

Structs

Maps

Nested types

Accessing nested data

Type coercion

Implicit coercion

When to use explicit CAST

NULL handling

NULL in comparisons

NULL in operations

NULL-safe comparisons

Type inference

ARRAY type inference

Cross-engine considerations

Timestamp precision

String collation

Numeric overflow

Troubleshooting type errors

UnsupportedTypeError

Type mismatch in arrays

NULL type resolution

Data Types Reference

NQL vs SQL

Functions Reference

Troubleshooting

Overview

Core Primitives

Rosetta Stone

NQL

Data Formats

Architecture

Security

Compliance

​Why NQL needs its own type system

​Primitive types

​When precision matters

​Complex types

​Arrays

​Structs

​Maps

​Nested types

​Accessing nested data

​Type coercion

​Implicit coercion

​When to use explicit CAST

​NULL handling

​NULL in comparisons

​NULL in operations

​NULL-safe comparisons

​Type inference

​ARRAY type inference

​Cross-engine considerations

​Timestamp precision

​String collation

​Numeric overflow

​Troubleshooting type errors

​UnsupportedTypeError

​Type mismatch in arrays

​NULL type resolution

​Related content

Data Types Reference

NQL vs SQL

Functions Reference

Troubleshooting

Why NQL needs its own type system

Primitive types

When precision matters

Complex types

Arrays

Structs

Maps

Nested types

Accessing nested data

Type coercion

Implicit coercion

When to use explicit CAST

NULL handling

NULL in comparisons

NULL in operations

NULL-safe comparisons

Type inference

ARRAY type inference

Cross-engine considerations

Timestamp precision

String collation

Numeric overflow

Troubleshooting type errors

UnsupportedTypeError

Type mismatch in arrays

NULL type resolution

Related content